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2022年6月07 ;98 (23) 半岛体育app苹果下载 开放获取

数据驱动的表型出现中央与无监督聚类疾病抽动

Jari k .干傻事,中兴张,卡坦S.S.L. Oei,斯蒂芬妮·马赛厄斯,伊夫Dauvilliers,基尔特•迈耶,朱塞佩Plazzi,Rafael del Rio-Villegas,琼Santamaria卡诺,卡雷尔Šonka,马库- Partinen,Sebastiaan Overeem,罗莎Peraita-Adrados,拉斐尔海因策,安东尼奥·马丁斯达席尔瓦,Birgit Hogl,Aleksandra Wierzbicka,安娜Heidbreder,伊娃Feketeova,毛罗·Manconi,Jitka Buškova,弗朗西斯卡白桂皮,克劳迪奥·l·Bassetti,露西Barateau,法比奥·披萨,马库斯·h·施密特,罗尔夫Fronczek,白木哈塔米,哥特简拉默斯
第一次出版2022年4月18日, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200519
Jari k .干傻事
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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中兴张
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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卡坦S.S.L. Oei
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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斯蒂芬妮·马赛厄斯
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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伊夫Dauvilliers
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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基尔特•迈耶
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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朱塞佩Plazzi
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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Rafael del Rio-Villegas
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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琼Santamaria卡诺
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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卡雷尔Šonka
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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马库- Partinen
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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Sebastiaan Overeem
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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罗莎Peraita-Adrados
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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拉斐尔海因策
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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安东尼奥·马丁斯达席尔瓦
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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Birgit Hogl
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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Aleksandra Wierzbicka
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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安娜Heidbreder
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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伊娃Feketeova
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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毛罗·Manconi
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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Jitka Buškova
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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弗朗西斯卡白桂皮
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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克劳迪奥·l·Bassetti
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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露西Barateau
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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法比奥·披萨
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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马库斯·h·施密特
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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罗尔夫Fronczek
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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白木哈塔米
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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哥特简拉默斯
从睡眠后中心盛Heemstede (J.K.G.,水,G。J。l。), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit–Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
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数据驱动的表型出现中央与无监督聚类疾病抽动
Jari K。干傻事,中兴张,卡坦S.S.L.Oei,斯蒂芬妮马赛厄斯,伊夫Dauvilliers,基尔特•迈耶,朱塞佩Plazzi,拉斐尔德尔Rio-Villegas,琼Santamaria卡诺,卡雷尔Šonka,马库-Partinen,SebastiaanOvereem,罗莎Peraita-Adrados,拉斐尔亨氏食品公司,安东尼奥马丁斯达席尔瓦,BirgitHogl,AleksandraWierzbicka,安娜Heidbreder,伊娃Feketeova,毛罗。Manconi,JitkaBuškova,弗朗西斯卡白桂皮,克劳迪奥·L。Bassetti,露西Barateau,法比奥披萨,马库斯·H。施密特,罗尔夫Fronczek,拉明卡塔米,哥特简拉默斯
半岛投注体育官网 2022年6月, 98年 (23) e2387-e2400; DOI:10.1212 / WNL.0000000000200519

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  • 数据驱动的表型出现中央与无监督聚类疾病抽动——1月24日,2023年
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文摘

背景和目标最近的研究引发怀疑是否所有当前定义中央疾病抽动是稳定的实体,尤其是嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡。新的需要可靠的生物标志物,的问题是否应该重新评估目前的抽动障碍的诊断标准。这个数据驱动的观察性研究的主要目的是数据驱动算法是否会隔离嗜睡症1型和更可靠的子群的个体没有昏倒认同新的临床生物标志物。

方法我们使用会凝聚的层次聚类,一个无监督的机器学习算法,识别不同的抽动在大规模集群欧洲嗜睡症网络数据库。我们包括97个变量,涵盖所有方面的中央抽动障碍等症状,人口统计,客观和主观睡眠措施,和实验室生物标志物。我们特别关注小组没有昏倒的患者。集群的数量被选为最小的患者数量没有昏倒被放在不同的组。

结果我们包括1078名犯人青少年和成年人。七个集群,其中4集群主要包括个人猝倒。2最明显的集群包括158年和157年的病人,是由那些没有昏倒,和其他变量,显著不同的睡眠醉酒,主观困难觉醒,weekend-week睡眠长度不同。病人正式诊断出患有嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡均匀混合在两个集群。

讨论使用数据驱动方法在最大的研究中心疾病抽动到目前为止,我们的研究发现不同的患者亚组在中央人口疾病抽动。比赛结果的影响快速眼动期的诊断标准没有昏倒的人提供可靠的诊断类别有前途的新变量,像不同的患者表型更好。Cluster-guided分类将导致更加坚实的抽动分类系统,不太容易不稳定的单一功能。

术语表

EU-NN=
欧洲嗜睡症网络;
ICSD-3=
国际睡眠障碍的分类,第3版;
MSLT=
多个睡眠延迟测试;
SOREMP=
影响快速眼动期

中央障碍的分类抽动几十年来一直是一个有争议的话题,已经多次修订。这主要是由于对病理生理学知识不足,体现在缺乏有效和可靠的生物标志物在这组疾病,除了嗜睡症和猝倒。不同的观点最近发表的文章,都强调需要修订目前的分类,因为它的应用给医生和病人带来问题当在日常实践中应用。1,- - - - - -,6当前版本的睡眠障碍(ICSD-3)是国际分类主要基于共识的专家意见并描述了三种不同类别的慢性抽动障碍:中部嗜睡症1型(几乎完全重叠前一类称为嗜睡症和猝倒),嗜睡症2型(几乎完全重叠前一类称为猝睡症没有昏倒),和特发性嗜睡。疾病分享日间极度嗜睡的症状,和没有昏倒,hypocretin-1不足,多睡眠延迟测试(MSLT)结果和可能增加睡眠时间区分它们。只有嗜睡症类型1是一个临床上明显的表型,因为特定的猝倒及其与hypocretin-1缺乏强烈的相关性(< 110 pg / mL CSF)。7

尽管有这些明显清晰而独特的标准,往往被证明很难区分之间的可靠嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡。最近的研究表明,两次试验法的可靠性MSLT差的没有昏倒,和诊断交叉高达53%的被,嗜睡症2型为75%,原发性嗜睡。8,- - - - - -,10嗜睡症2型在一些人也可能随时间而变化;例如,白天嗜睡的人是唯一的最初表现形式可能产生猝倒很多年后,从而过渡到嗜睡症1型。11,12更可靠的生物标志物需要更好的区分个人中央抽动障碍,特别是在那些没有昏倒。数据驱动的方法,会凝聚的层次聚类曾被证明是有用的其他疾病,客观地确定子组和相应的分裂变量分组的人具有类似特征的集群。13,- - - - - -,17

在这项研究中,我们使用了一个无监督的机器学习方法,会凝聚的层次聚类,确定集群临床上明显的中央抽动障碍。我们使用了有利地大型欧洲嗜睡症网络(EU-NN)数据库。18,- - - - - -,20.EU-NN是21个欧洲领先的睡眠中心协会推出了首个未来的欧洲网络数据库为嗜睡症和原发性嗜睡。EU-NN数据库的一个主要目标是确定新生物标记特定的中央抽动障碍和提高其亚型的定义和理解。变量的全面性和大量的个体在不同的欧洲国家提供机会以前所未有的方式实现无监督的机器学习算法,允许全面的数据驱动的见解不同表型的中央抽动障碍。

我们假设集群将导致明显分离的个体与当前嗜睡症的诊断1型从那些没有昏倒,目前混合人诊断为嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡多个集群根据不同的睡眠时间和睡眠醉酒的存在。考虑到已知的嗜睡症2型两次试验法的可靠性差和特发性嗜睡诊断,8,- - - - - -,10我们的主要重点是分组没有昏倒。

方法

分析步骤分为核心和先进的分析(表1)。核心分析是必不可少的对于理解聚类结果的临床意义,而先进的分析eAppendix 1 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)验证为什么我们认为聚类结果值得信赖。

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表1

聚类分析步骤的概述

EU-NN数据库

记录1078年的成人和青少年(≥13岁)与中央抽动障碍来自21个欧洲睡眠中心包括在内。符合诊断ICSD-3建议,只有数据的个人如此的评价(包括多导睡眠图和MSLT)。总共97个变量输入层次聚类(eAppendix 2,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。变量被睡眠专家评估(例如,症状的存在),客观地评估(例如,睡眠测试,食欲素和HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性),或自我报告的问卷(埃普沃思嗜睡量表和疲劳严重度评分)。除了问卷调查结果完全病人认为,其他主观变量被临床医生在临床进入面试。数据库的预处理步骤,我们将eAppendix 3。

聚类算法

在集群中,相似性测量通过计算个体间的距离;相似的价值观在一个较小的距离输入变量的结果。每个人自己的最初一个集群,然后最近的个人(或集群)是按顺序组合成更大的簇,直到只剩下1集群。细节在eAppendix 3(距离计算报告links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。

数量的集群

集群的数量决定结合2技术。我们首先计算多个标准(即聚类评价指标。,clustering quality scores) that describe how well the clustering algorithm performs with different numbers of clusters (eAppendix 3,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。这些指标通常是高当个人与集群中其他类似,不同于个人在其他集群。本研究的主要目的是数据驱动算法是否会隔离嗜睡症1型和识别更可靠的子群的个体没有昏倒,因为当前的诊断标准斗争大多数用这个程序。我们也因此集中在子群的个体没有昏倒的目视检查完整数据集的聚类步骤从15到2集群更好地理解没有昏倒的人如何细分,当这些簇合并。最终的模型通常是一个妥协的评价指标和临床研究的目的。

聚类结果

聚类结果可视化为条形码代表每个集群平均归一化值在所有变量(也称为意味着条形码)。根据上述类别变量被命令,和集群意味着值< 10时留空值出现在一个集群。

区分变量

两种方法被用来量化区分变量之间的集群。首先,我们使用一个重采样技术来测试不同的聚类方法是如何从整个EU-NN数据库。然后我们也正式由个人控制的集群相比,没有昏倒在所有变量。

重采样技术实现测试聚类结果是否偏离了整个EU-NN数据库。重采样技术使我们能够推断出的程度意味着条形码不同于预期的相同数量的集群大小相同的随机来自整个EU-NN数据库。我们生成的10000平,每个集群计算每个画的均值和SD /变量。对于每个变量,我们分裂的区别重新取样的意思和相应的原始集群的SD重新取样的意思。这样做是每个变量意义条形码集群和可视化。只有值> 25观测显示。意义条形码更好代表显著不同的条形码是如何从整个EU-NN数据库。

我们事后统计产生的集群相比有相当大一部分人没有昏倒在所有包括变量使用Mann-Whitney测试。如果变量包含统计数据,我们使用χ2测试。纠正的值p< 0.05被报道与Benjamini-Hochberg过程减少多重比较校正后的错误发现率0.05。

目前包含的诊断和中心

人员蒙蔽的包容和当前诊断中心个人直到层次聚类完成。聚类完成后,生成饼图每个集群代表当前诊断(医生诊断确定)和中心的包容。列联表的统计数据(敏感性,特异性,阳性预测值,阴性预测值)分别计算集群由嗜睡症类型1,嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡。中心包含的检查这些是否会影响集群。为了更好地理解人口研究的一般特征,当前ICSD-3诊断的特点包括在eAppendix 2 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。

数据可用性

在这项研究中,我们使用了新开发的集群包的一种鸟,一体的广泛使用会凝聚的层次聚类算法与聚类验证方法和直观的数据可视化选项。这种灵活的,开源集群包是基于Python和网上。21的数据支持本研究的发现可以从作者对合理的请求。

结果

EU-NN数据库

数据库包括1078人,其中108人青少年(13至18岁之间)和970的成年人。有489名女性和589名男性参与者。猝倒出现在724年和354年缺席。符合ICSD-3标准,752人被诊断出患有嗜睡症1型(33 646定,51个可能,可能,和33个未知的诊断确定),200有嗜睡症2型(132定,49的,10个可能,9未知确定),和126年为特发性嗜睡(83定32可能6,和5未知确定)。eAppendix 4 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)概述每个中心的夹杂物数量和伦理批准。聚类算法和研究人员对目前的诊断和包含中心也不清楚,直到分析完成。

聚类算法和集群的数量

聚类评价指标没有明确支持单个集群数量低于15 (eAppendix 5,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。这表明个人EU-NN数据库中不组织根据原型的一个数字。这意味着细分仍然可以导致不同的集群,但在个人密切接壤的存在不同的集群。集群的数量,因此基于子群的人没有昏倒,因为数据驱动的细分这些人是我们的主要目标。一个简单的模型与一个小集群的总数是首选。目视检查的聚类步骤13 - 7集群显示变化只发生在集群与人猝倒,没有昏倒的人都分成相同的2集群。因此,7被选为集群的最终数量。

显示集群的系统树图步骤从7到2集群包含在eAppendix 5 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)。没有昏倒的人通常是分组1大型集群当6和5集群被选中。这个大型集群没有昏倒的人随后结合患有猝倒在4集群。这导致急剧恶化的聚类评价指标,表明贫穷性能低于5集群。

聚类结果

意味着条形码(图1)表明,猝倒的人分为4集群(1 - 4),231年,298年,92年,和99个人。那些没有昏倒被分为集群5(157人)和6(158人),还有1小集群(7)混合43人,没有昏倒。变量类别夜间睡眠,醒来的困难,猝倒,催眠的幻觉,睡眠麻痹,嗜睡,生物标志物通常不同集群。eAppendix 6 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)给每个集群原始变量值的一个完整的概述。

图1
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图1 集群意味着条形码

蓝色代表平均值较低或不存在一个变量;红色意味着高平均值或频繁的出现。集群大小显示在集群数。eAppendix 2 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)提供详细个人变量。你好=低通气指数;体重指数=身体质量指数;EDS =日间极度嗜睡;开斋节=的不可抗拒的白天睡觉;人类白细胞抗原HLA =;MSLT =多睡眠延迟测试;NS =夜间睡眠;PLMI =周期性腿动指数;PSG =多导睡眠描记术; PVT = psychomotor vigilance task; REM = rapid eye movement; SOREMP = sleep-onset REM period.

区分变量

从意义条形码(图24),值得注意的是,第一个集群不同主要在noncataplectic症状和猝倒亚型代表不同的嗜睡症。集群1包括最严重的表型出现频繁干扰夜间睡眠(72%)、睡眠攻击(94%)、猝倒发作(97%)是最常配有许多潜在的触发,催眠的幻觉(90%),和睡眠瘫痪症(82%)。集群2是最大的但至少影响集群的催眠的幻觉(22%)和睡眠瘫痪症(5%)明显缺席。与其他集群的猝倒的人,那些在集群3报道更困难(77%)存在频繁的睡眠醒来酗酒(83%)、疲劳的投诉(88%),而不是睡眠后神清气爽(36%不刷新,36%不总是刷新)。这个集群主要由男性参与者(74%)。集群4主要由女性参与者(99%)存在(但罕见)催眠的幻觉(61%)和睡眠瘫痪症(73%)。集群1到4都频繁MSLT影响快速眼动期(SOREMPs) HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性,和低意味着hypocretin-1水平。

图2
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图2 集群意义条形码

蓝色代表显著降低值为一个集群在一个变量相对于整个欧洲嗜睡症网络(EU-NN)数据库;红色意味着更高的价值。与整个EU-NN数据库的差异显示在SDs。集群大小显示在集群数。eAppendix 2 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)提供详细个人变量。空白字段包含< 25的观察。你好=低通气指数;体重指数=身体质量指数;开斋节=的不可抗拒的白天睡觉;人类白细胞抗原HLA =;MSLT =多睡眠延迟测试;PLMI =周期性腿动指数;PSG =多导睡眠图。

没有昏倒的人一般都分为集群5和6(分别为157和158人)。是显示在表2集群5中,个人提供更多睡眠醉酒,主观困难觉醒,记忆的投诉,疲劳,和更大的周末周睡眠长度差异相比集群6。此外,集群6相对更高比例的HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性和hypocretin-1浓度较低。集群5和6之间没有显著差异被发现MSLT-related变量和埃普沃思嗜睡量表。

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表2

集群5和6之间的显著差异

集群7是一个小的集群均匀混合的人,没有昏倒。除了催眠的幻觉和睡眠瘫痪症的存在,没有明确区分变量与其他集群。

目前包含的诊断和中心

医生,一般来说,最有信心在诊断嗜睡症1型和更多的怀疑和嗜睡症2型特发性嗜睡(图3一)。集群1到4主要包括人诊断出患有嗜睡症1型和一个明确的诊断确定(91%,75%,65%,83%)。列联表的统计信息嗜睡症1型集群内1到4显示集群的敏感性为0.76,特异性为0.83,0.93,阳性预测值和阴性预测值为0.76。在集群3,有18人(20%)没有昏倒,但醉酒睡觉,催眠的幻觉,经常睡眠瘫痪症。集群5和6是由人们没有昏倒,嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡诊断也混合在2集群(嗜睡症2型集群5 45%和40%特发性嗜睡;嗜睡症2型集群6 45%,27%特发性嗜睡)。列联表的统计信息嗜睡症2型和内原发性嗜睡集群5和6显示集群的敏感性为0.76,特异性为0.91,0.78,阳性预测值和阴性预测值为0.90。也有相当比例的患者嗜睡症1型集群5和6(集群5 15%;集群6 28%)。大多数这些个体的典型或轻微的猝倒(集群5 35%; cluster 6, 38%) or absent cataplexy but low hypocretin-1 levels (cluster 5, 26%; cluster 6, 33%). Cluster 7 was a mixed cluster of mainly narcolepsy types 1 and 2. Centers of inclusion were evenly spread over the clusters (图3 b)。在eAppendix 2 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970),我们现在总结措施使用当前的人口ICSD-3诊断。

图3
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图3 目前的诊断和中心的包容

(一)当前诊断医师的诊断确定,每个集群可视化为饼图。中央在饼图对应于集群识别。集群1到4是由嗜睡症1型(NT1),而嗜睡症2型(NT2)和原发性嗜睡(IH)的应用都是口头较多、笔头集群5到7。(B)检查是否包含中心(或国家)可以在集群已经引入了偏差,分布中心的包容是每个集群可视化为饼图。这表明没有明显优势的单中心单个集群和个体从一个中心分布在多个集群。

讨论

这项工作提出了迄今为止最大的研究中心抽动障碍,包括> 1000青少年和成年人和完整的中央抽动障碍特征的范围。我们的研究结果提供了重要的数据驱动的洞察新的临床生物标志物来提高未来的诊断标准,尤其是对个人没有昏倒。聚类算法是能够识别不同的子组,主要是分离的人从那些没有昏倒。那些没有进一步细分猝倒导致2集群均匀混合患有嗜睡症2型特发性嗜睡,是分离变量与觉醒的基础上(例如,睡眠觉醒醉酒和主观困难),睡眠需要(例如,weekend-week睡眠长度不同),和客观的生物标志物(HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性和hypocretin-1级别)。MSLT参数没有显著不同2集群有个人没有昏倒。先进的集群不同和重采样分析显示(eAppendix 1,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)2集群没有昏倒的人最明显的分组的所有集群(互相)和集群有很好的重现性。猝倒的人(通常诊断出患有嗜睡症类型1)进一步分为多个亚型,可能反映了不同疾病的严重性。这些亚型不同主要在性别分布和存在和严重程度的猝倒,催眠的幻觉,睡眠瘫痪症,睡眠醉酒。

由于大量的病人和hypersomnolence-related变量,我们的分析结果更加可靠和详细的比其他2研究曾试图识别亚型在中央抽动障碍使用会凝聚的层次聚类。22、23这些研究分别只包括96名参与者或与特发性hyperomnia只有。22、23只包括原发性嗜睡的人。聚集在这两项研究进行7和3个变量,分别。小数量的集群变量在这些研究有限的能力来识别区分变量在所有抽动方面。

多个嗜睡症专家主张修改当前的分类,但缺乏指导定义新的子组和相应的诊断标准。1,- - - - - -,6我们的数据驱动的方法提供了机会批判性评估当前ICSD-3分类和显示需要抽动而猝倒的细化标准,将产生更多的分类一致。高级分析eAppendix 1 (links.lww.com/WNL/B970)透露,2集群没有昏倒的人有很好的重现性和分组的最明显比其他集群。最突出的微分变量群没有昏倒的人包括睡眠醉酒的存在,主观困难的觉醒,意味着weekend-week睡眠长度差异和HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性。这些区分症状表明,某些亚型/表型的中央疾病抽动涉及神经网络与cataplectic表型不同,可能由其他并存状况(在很大程度上仍然未知)病理生理学或。重新定义关键症状可能有助于建立新的诊断方法,如迫使觉醒,无限制的/延长睡眠的机会,和其他生物标记。

睡眠惯性的投诉是难以实现完全清醒的睡眠周期,可能伴随着困惑,迷失方向了,可怜的运动协调甚至共济失调。睡眠醉酒被认为是严重这一现象的表现。24从历史上说,睡眠酗酒已经引入了罗斯25作为一种重要的微分标记当原发性嗜睡是第一次概念在1950年代。26日,27迄今为止,觉醒的质量一直是低估了“标准中央抽动障碍,尽管多项研究表明其重要性没有昏倒的人。/除了病人的主观睡眠醉酒的存在历史、标准警惕的敏感性和特异性测试之前和之后直接MSLT小睡可以探索量化睡眠醉酒的水平。持续关注响应的任务到三十五和精神运动警觉测试36曾被用来量化警惕赤字中央抽动障碍患者但尚未与睡眠醉酒。一个较小的研究包括不同中央抽动障碍也之前报道与事件相关电位在迫使觉醒可能量化睡眠惯性。37

困难经常在起床和睡眠需求增加,但不总是,在没有昏倒的人共存。27、28、30、31日38经典,这些人分组ICSD-2诊断特发性嗜睡和长时间的睡眠。39在我们的结果中,集群5报道一个大大大主观weekend-week睡眠长度不同,一个变量量化实现睡眠的需要。增加患者睡眠需要往往无法满足睡眠需求一周因为专业/社会义务,而周末通常允许无限制的更多睡眠的机会。40夜间睡眠活动检测仪的平均持续时间可能会因此不总是可靠地反映对睡眠的需要增加的存在。此外,在大多数睡眠诊所,MSLT常规防止长时间的夜间睡眠的客观确认因为个人被迫在早晨早起。我们之前应用监督机器学习分类患有嗜睡症类型1和2在EU-NN数据库,和更长的weekend-week睡眠长度差异是嗜睡症的更重要的是确定的参数比1型2型,进一步凸显其潜力成为一个新的临床生物标志物。20.重要的是要记住,长期睡眠不足,有时生理干扰也显示出类似的差异。然而,这些疾病是目前不包括在我们的数据库中。扩展32-hour多导睡眠图录音6,41连续或活动检测仪评估weekend-week睡眠长度的差异在周末可以帮助找到所有潜在原因没有昏倒的抽动。40岁,42我们分析突出的潜力增加变量和weekend-week觉醒的睡眠质量长度差异作为未来敏感的新的临床生物标志物诊断标准,因为它们可能比总体平均睡眠时间更可靠。临床访谈和问卷通常用于评估这些变量,43但最优量化实践需要通过未来的研究验证。

因为集群的数量是决定小组的人没有昏倒,集群1到4和7之间的差异不应外界。集群1到4应该被视为验证算法的分离和没有昏倒,识别亚型患者而不是严格的子组内的嗜睡症1型人口可能反映不同的清规戒律。在集群1到4,系统树图(eAppendix 5,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)表明,集群2(轻微程度几乎没有催眠的幻觉和睡眠瘫痪症)是最接近集群5和6(集群没有昏倒)。引人注目的女性优势集群内4,结合温和的猝倒,催眠的幻觉,和睡眠麻痹,表明女性嗜睡症类型1亚型的存在。可能的性别嗜睡症和激素水平的影响在将来的研究中应该调查因为这样温和的猝倒用更少的触发器可以很容易被临床医生忽视。嗜睡症症状性的影响仍基本上可以理解,即使再诊断延迟女性个人曾被报道。44解释集群7仍然困难没有明显差异变量,除了催眠的幻觉和睡眠瘫痪症的存在。集群7是最小的集群中不同和集群再现性较差(eAppendix 1),因此可以反映一组非齐次的边缘与有限的临床表型的相关性。

集群之间的巨大差异意义条形码(图2)和更好的拟合优度原始聚类与随机生成的数据集(eAppendix 1,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)强调识别不同的子组内的可能性较大的中央人口抽动。缺乏一个清晰的聚类评价指标表明,独立的子组的数目,总是会有中央抽动的人很难分类,尤其是当使用严格的达标(例如,在MSLT)。这种印象匹配我们的临床经验,我们的研究结果表明,在新诊断标准诊断的确定性的引入能够更好地描述诊断抽动亚型的信心水平。这个观点最近被提出的不同的欧洲专家3在将来的研究中,应进一步调查。

除了直接影响当前分类、抽动障碍的组织在多个集群提供了新的疾病病因假设检验的机会,疾病进展和治疗效果。纵向研究将提供机会是否有些人很容易从集群1变化到另一个由于疾病的自然或药物的影响。这可能提供重要的见解前置级的嗜睡症和新诊断的个人数据驱动的治疗方案。更频繁的HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性和hypocretin-1水平较低,例如,在集群6比集群5,表明一个病理生理的自然抽动投诉接近嗜睡症1型。集群内个体6更有可能显示疾病进展,因此应密切监测发展的猝倒。

EU-NN数据库的主要力量是和谐未来数据采集协议,导致真正的泛欧洲与最小包容合作站点特定的偏见。这是由包含站点的均匀分布在集群(图3 b)。我们既包括青少年和成年人最好将疾病的不同阶段我们的聚类分析。事后测试表明类似的年龄分布评估在不同的集群。13岁以下儿童,然而,不包括,应该研究光在将来的研究中提出的集群。尽管EU-NN数据库涵盖hypersomnolence-related最重要的方面,不完整的可用性nonmandatory变量与警惕,认知功能,和情绪阻碍了他们的完全整合进我们的聚类分析。未来的研究应该关注这些变量与我们提出的子组。

我们的分析不能被认为是完全公正的,因为会凝聚的层次聚类算法需要手动输入变量的权重。我们试图克服这个问题通过仔细设计战略与预先确定的权重分析和分组变量,可能给所有资产的中央抽动障碍影响聚类提供一个公平的机会。事后测试来确定集群的设置的影响通过重采样随机整个数据库的子集(eAppendix 1,links.lww.com/WNL/B970)充分显示EU-NN数据库大小的固体集群(和生物标志物)再现性没有昏倒的人。单独的事后分析测试我们的方法学是否选择可能影响研究结果。集群被排除那些重复3次昏倒和/或食欲素缺乏症(< 110 pg / mL),统一对所有变量的权重,通过重新编码多导睡眠图REM延迟变量多导睡眠图SOREMP存在。3分析了分组和区分变量没有类似的猝倒子群的完整的数据集(睡眠醉酒,主观困难觉醒和weekend-week睡眠长度不同)。这些鲁棒性检查进一步验证区分变量对于那些没有昏倒是可再生的。

EU-NN数据库内没有数据条目可供人与其他条件,可能会导致白天嗜睡症状例如慢性睡眠剥夺,肌痛性脑脊髓炎/慢性疲劳综合症了,和昼夜节律紊乱。这些疾病可能在未来聚类分析作为对照组中央抽动障碍测试结果的特异性。嗜睡症1型也可以被视为一个对照组明显cataplectic表型。的聚类算法识别嗜睡症1型作为单独的集群,而我们也不清楚当前的诊断提供了重要的参数,该算法能够识别不同,临床相关的子组。未来的研究应该关注外部验证大大大小的独立数据集的聚类结果和证明内部验证通过标准化的随访数据。这两种方法将验证我们的聚类结果的临床影响评估集群作业与临床决策,如治疗计划,预后、疾病的机制。

我们报告异常大小的定量小组评估在中央抽动障碍患者使用的各种临床和诊断变量。我们的研究进一步说明了迫切需要新的生物标志物在中央抽动障碍,允许健壮的子分类,提高我们对疾病病因的理解。主要发现不是集群的数量但事实上我们发现小组符合当前的嗜睡症的诊断1型,2型或特发性嗜睡。相反,嗜睡症2型和特发性嗜睡的人/ / 2明显集群分离,不同的主要临床变量与觉醒的质量有关,包括存在睡眠醉酒,白天睡觉后神清气爽,weekend-week睡眠长度差异和HLA-DQB1 * 0602积极性。细分这些人只基于绝对睡眠时间或存在SOREMPs不支持我们的研究结果。引入新的临床生物标志物如睡眠醉酒和weekend-week睡眠长度差异提供了必要的机会开发改进诊断标准没有昏倒的人。在其最好的,新的数据驱动的抽动障碍的分类水平的确定性会导致一个可再生的,全面的分类系统,更好的识别边缘个人和不受单一的波动特性。

研究资金

EU-NN数据库是由EU-NN资助的。EU-NN已收到金融支持从布鲁塞尔UCB制药发展EU-NN数据库。

信息披露

作者报告没有披露相关的手稿。去半岛投注体育官网Neurology.org/N为充分披露。

附录的作者

表

脚注

  • 去半岛投注体育官网Neurology.org/N为充分披露。资金信息和披露认为作者相关的,如果有的话,年底提供这篇文章。

  • ↵*这些作者的贡献同样这项工作作为第一作者。

  • ↵__这些作者的贡献同样高级作家这个工作。

  • 这篇文章加工费由UKB / VSNU (sccp)。

  • 提交和外部同行评议。处理编辑器是芭芭拉Jobst,医学博士,FAAN。

  • 编辑、页面961年

  • 收到了2021年10月30日。
  • 接受的最终形式2022年2月28日。
  • 版权©2022年作者(年代)。发表的Wolters Kluwer健康,公司代表美国神经病学学会。半岛投注体育官网

这是一个开放的分布式根据文章知识共享归属许可4.0 (CC),它允许无限制的使用、分配和复制在任何媒介,提供最初的工作是正确引用。

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